Employment & Payroll

Employees who are working from home may be able to claim tax relief for bills they pay that are related to their work.

Employers may reimburse employees for the additional household expenses incurred through regularly working at home. The relief covers expenses such as business telephone calls or heating and lighting costs for the room you are working in. Expenses that are for private and business use (such as broadband) cannot be claimed. Employees may also be able to claim tax relief on equipment they have bought, such as a laptop, chair or mobile phone.

Employers can pay up to £6 per week (or £26 a month for employees paid monthly) to cover an employee’s additional costs if they have to work from home. Employees do not need to keep any specific records if they receive this fixed amount.

If the expenses or allowances are not paid by the employer, then the employee can claim tax relief directly from HMRC. Employees will receive tax relief based on their highest tax rate. For example, if they pay the 20% basic rate of tax and claim tax relief on £6 a week, they will receive £1.20 per week in tax relief (20% of £6). Employees can claim more than the quoted amount but will need to provide evidence to HMRC. HMRC will accept backdated claims for up to 4 years.

Employees may also be able to claim tax relief for using their own vehicle, be it a car, van, motorcycle or bike. As a general rule, there is no tax relief for ordinary commuting to and from the regular place of work. The rules are different for temporary workplaces where the expense is usually allowable if the employee uses their own vehicle to do other business-related mileage.

Note, that if an employee agreed with their employer to work at home voluntarily, or they choose to work at home, they cannot claim tax relief on the bills they have to pay. If an employee previously claimed tax relief when they worked from home because of coronavirus (COVID-19), they might no longer be eligible for relief.

Student loans are part of the government’s financial support package for students in higher education in the UK. They are available to help students meet their expenses while they are studying. It is HMRC’s responsibility to collect repayments where the borrower is working in the UK. The Student Loans Company (SLC) is responsible for collecting the loans of borrowers outside the UK tax system.

The interest rates that will apply for the 2022-23 academic year were announced in August. Earlier in the summer, the government had announced that student loan borrowers faced a 12% interest rate from September 2022. The government announced in June that there would be a cap of 7.3% on student loan interest rates for current graduate borrowers to protect them from a rise in inflation. This interest rate was calculating using predicted market rates. The actual market rate reduced to 6.3%, so the cap has been lowered to this figure.

The 6.3% rate will apply to student loan borrowers on Plan 2 (undergraduate) and Plan 3 (Postgraduate) loans. This change will impact the total value of the loan, but there is no difference in the monthly repayments paid.

A spokesperson for the Student Loans Company said:

'The change in interest rates is automatically applied so customers don’t need to take any action. We encourage customers to use SLC’s online repayment service to regularly check their loan balance and repayment information, as well as ensure their contact information is up-to-date.'

There are also new measures that will apply from 2023-24 to ensure that new graduates will not, in real terms, repay more than they borrow.

If you receive no compensation from your employer, you can still claim tax relief for certain costs that arise when working from home. HMRC will usually allow you to claim tax relief if you use your own money for things that you must buy for your job, and you only use these items for work. You must make a claim within four years of the end of the tax year that you spent the money.

Costs you may be able to claim for include:

• if you purchase your own uniforms, work clothing and tools for work;
• the cost of repairing or replacing small tools you need to do your job as an employee (for example, scissors or an electric drill); and
• cleaning, repairing or replacing specialist clothing (for example, a uniform or safety boots).

A claim for valid purchases can be made to recover actual costs or as a 'flat rate deduction'. However, you cannot make a claim for relief on the initial cost of buying small tools or clothing for work.

You may also be able to claim tax relief for using your own vehicle, be it a car, van, motorcycle or bike. As a general rule, there is no tax relief for ordinary commuting to and from your work. The rules are different for temporary workplaces where the expense is usually allowable. You should also be able to claim if you use your own vehicle to undertake other business-related mileage.

Please note, if you have agreed with your employer to work at home voluntarily, or if you choose to work at home, you cannot claim tax relief on the bills you have to pay. If you previously claimed tax relief when you worked from home because of coronavirus (COVID-19), you may no longer be eligible for relief.

There are many ways that employees can own a stake in their employer's company. However, employee ownership usually refers to a situation where all employees of a business have a ‘significant and meaningful’ stake in a business. This means employees have a financial stake in the business (e.g., by owning shares). Other types of business (e.g. charities or sole traders) may have to change their legal structure so they can sell shares. Employee-owned firms can also operate as co-operatives.

In addition, employees must have a say in how the business is run, known as ‘employee engagement’. Different ways of engaging employees are suitable for different businesses.

These can include:

• An employees’ council or other consultation group.
• A constitution defining the company’s values and its relationship with employees.
• Employee directors on the board, with the same responsibilities as other directors.
• Working with trade unions on issues like pay and conditions.

The latest statistics published by the Employee Ownership Association (EOA) say that the employee ownership sector has more than doubled in the past three years, exceeding the 1,000 milestone for the first time.

The letters in an employee’s tax code signify their entitlement (or not) to the annual tax-free personal allowance. The tax codes are updated annually and help employer’s work out how much tax to deduct from an employee’s pay packet. 

The basic personal allowance for the tax year starting 6 April 2022 is £12,570 and the tax code for an employee entitled to the standard tax-free Personal Allowance 1257L. This is the most common tax code and is used for most people with one job and no untaxed income, unpaid tax or taxable benefits (for example a company car).

Emergency tax codes can be used if HMRC does not get a taxpayer’s income details in time after a change in circumstances such as:

• a new job
• working for an employer after being self-employed
• getting company benefits or the State Pension

Employees on an emergency tax code will see one of the following codes on their payslip:

• 1257 W1
• 1257 M1
• 1257 X

These codes mean that an employee’s tax calculation is based only on what they are paid in the current pay period. The emergency tax codes are temporary and will usually be updated once the necessary details about previous income or pension payments are sent to HMRC.

Employers must ensure they are paying staff the new National Minimum Wage (NMW) and National Living Wage (NLW) rates for the period from 1 April 2022 – 31 March 2023. The NLW is the minimum hourly rate that must be paid to those aged 23 or over. The rate for the NLW is £9.50. The hourly rate of the NMW (for 21-22-year-olds) is £9.18. The rates for 18-20-year-olds is £6.83 and the rate for workers above the school leaving age but under 18 is £4.81. The NMW rate for apprentices is £4.81.

HMRC’s manuals discusses the legal entitlement for employees to be paid the NMW. Most workers in the United Kingdom who are over compulsory school leaving age (and those who ordinarily work in the United Kingdom) are entitled to be paid at least National Minimum Wage rates. 

This entitlement to the NMW is set out in the National Minimum Wage Act 1998, section 1 as follows:

(1) A person who qualifies for the National Minimum Wage shall be remunerated by his employer in respect of his work in any pay reference period at a rate which is not less than the National Minimum Wage.
(2) A person qualifies for the National Minimum Wage if he is an individual who-

1. is a worker.
2. is working, or ordinarily works, in the United Kingdom under his contract, and
3. has ceased to be of compulsory school age.

It is important that employers ensure they pay employees at least the minimum wage to which they are entitled. There are penalties for non-payment of minimum wages of up to 200% of the amount owed. The penalty is reduced by 50% if all of the unpaid wages and 50% of the penalty are paid in full within 14 days.

The maximum fine for non-payment can be up to £20,000 per employee. Employers who fail to pay, face up to a 15-year ban from being a company director as well as being publicly named and shamed.

If you use your own vehicle for business journeys, then you may be able to claim a tax-free allowance from your employer known as a Mileage Allowance Payment or MAP. The allowance is paid when employees use their own car, van, motorcycle or bike for work purposes. It is important to note that this tax-free allowance is not available for journeys to and from work but is available where employees use their own vehicles to do other business-related mileage. 

Employers usually make payments based on a set rate per mile depending on the mode of transport. There are approved mileage rates published by HMRC. For cars, the approved mileage allowance payment for the first 10,000 business miles is 45p per mile and 25p per mile for every additional business mile. An equivalent payment of 20p per mile is available for bicycle travel and 24p per mile for motorcycle travel. These rates have been fixed for many years and HMRC has confirmed that they will continue to apply for the current 2022-23 tax year.

If an employee travels with business colleagues, they can claim an additional 5p per passenger per business mile for each qualifying passenger. Where an employer pays less than the published rates, the employee can make a tax relief claim for the shortfall using Mileage Allowance Relief (MAR). There is no equivalent to MAR for passenger payments, which means that if the employer pays less than 5p per mile to carry a passenger, the driver cannot claim any tax relief on the difference.

Please note that if employees are paid more than the approved mileage rates then the excess is treated as a Benefit in Kind. Conversely, if employees are paid less than the published rates, they can make a tax claim for the shortfall using Mileage Allowance Relief (MAR). There is no equivalent to MAR for passenger payments.

As a general rule, there is no tax relief for ordinary commuting. The term 'ordinary commuting' is defined to mean travel between a permanent workplace and home, or any other place that is not a workplace. Case law has also confirmed that travel between home and a permanent workplace is ordinary commuting even where home is also a workplace.

In practical terms this means that there is no deduction for the cost of travel between an employee's permanent workplace and:

• an employee's home (with limited exceptions), or
• any other place the employee visits for reasons that are not related to the employment, or
• any place at which the employee performs the duties of another employment.

Any journey between an employee's permanent workplace and home or any other place at which the employee's attendance is not necessary for the duties of that employment, is ordinary commuting for which no deduction is due.

The rules are different for temporary workplaces where the expense is allowable. A workplace is defined as a temporary workplace if an employee goes there to perform a task of limited duration or for a temporary purpose.

There are specific exemptions from tax for works bus services and subsidies paid to public bus services as well as for the provision by an employer of bicycles and cycling equipment in order to encourage environmentally friendly transport between home and work.

The Coronavirus Statutory Sick Pay Rebate Scheme has allowed small and medium-sized businesses and employers reclaim Statutory Sick Pay (SSP) paid for sickness absence due to COVID-19. The online service initially closed for new claims after 30 September 2021.

However, following the Omicron wave, the online claims service was brought back in mid-January with firms becoming eligible to make backdated claims under the scheme from 21 December 2021.

The scheme covers up to 2 weeks’ SSP per eligible employee who has been off work because of COVID-19. Employers are eligible for the scheme if their business is UK based, small or medium-sized and employs fewer than 250 employees. Under the scheme, the Government will cover the cost of SSP for Covid-related absences.

In line with the government’s measures to move to a new phase of 'living with COVID', the scheme will close for coronavirus related absences after 17 March 2022. Employers will have up to and including 24 March 2022 to submit any final claims and / or amend claims they’ve already submitted.

Employers should maintain records of staff absences and payments of SSP for 3 years after the date they receive the payment for a claim. Note, employees do not need to provide a GP fit note in order for an employer to make a claim.

If you are an employee working from home, you may be able to claim tax relief for some of the bills you pay that are related to your work. 

Employers can reimburse employees for the additional household expenses incurred by working at home. The relief covers expenses such as business telephone calls or heating and lighting costs for the room you are working in. Expenses that are for both for private and business use (such as broadband) cannot be claimed. Employees may also be able to claim tax relief on equipment they have bought, such as a laptop, chair or mobile phone.

Employers can pay up to £6 per week (or £26 a month for employees paid monthly) to cover an employee’s additional costs if they have to work from home. Employees do not need to keep any specific records if they receive this fixed amount. 

If the expenses or allowances are not paid by the employer, then you can claim tax relief directly from HMRC. You will get tax relief based on your highest tax rate. For example, if you pay the basic (20%) rate of tax and claim tax relief on £6 a week, then you would get £1.20 per week in tax relief (20% of £6). You can claim more than the quoted amount but will need to provide evidence to HMRC. HMRC will accept backdated claims for up to 4 years. 

These tax reliefs are available to anyone who has been asked to work from home on a regular basis, either for all or part of the week including working from home because of coronavirus.